"When part of a mechanism is concealed from observation, the behaviour of the machine seems remarkable." This quote was from English psychiatrist Ross Ashby at a 1956 Dartmouth College technology workshop, later known as the "founding event" of artificial intelligence. It's long been known that what we don't see, we do not understand, and what we do not understand, we cannot—and often do not willingly—interrogate. In the modern age of artificial intelligence, this observat

Introduction Have you ever heard of Rosalind Franklin? Maybe so, but what about Chien-Shiung Wu? Do you know anything about Nettie Stevens? These are just three of many talented scientists who did not get the credit they deserved for their work. Throughout history, many hard-working people, especially scientists, have been forgotten or have not been recognized for their contributions to the world we live in. It is important for us to remember these people to honor their lega

With the release of ChatGPT to the general public in November 2022, discussions of artificial intelligence became mainstream, and the implications of AI for many facets of human society became apparent. Students could use large language models (LLMs) to complete their homework in record time, customer support agents could employ artificial neural networks (ANNs) to analyze queries, and linear regression machine learning (ML) models could be used for price prediction in financ